Educating Students With Autism English Language Essay

Teaching Students With Autism English Language Essay Numerous individuals with ASC (chemical imbalance range conditions) have multifaceted nature in recognizing feelings in themselves and others. For little youngsters figuring out how to talk, experiencing mental imbalance present an exceptional issue to their educators just as guardians as they are confronted with the test of showing these shocking kids how to communicate through discourse. The significance of successful correspondence can't be thought little of. However encouraging understudies with chemical imbalance isn't a simple errand, it requires persistence and utilization of unique assistive innovation apparatuses to enable these kids to figure out how to frame words and use them successfully. There are different advances that can be utilized, while other are basic a portion of these innovation are so best in class and needs additional preparation to utilize them. One of the fundamental advancements that has been utilized for various years is Picture Exchange Communication Sy stems (PECS ) examines have demonstrated that this innovation improves correspondence of youngsters with chemical imbalance This paper expects to talk about on the utilization of this assistive innovation to teach understudies with Autism. Presentation Individuals with mental imbalance range conditions have disabilities in open correspondence; remembered for this center weakness is a multifaceted design with the social enthusiastic correspondence notwithstanding nonverbal correspondence, for example, motions, outward appearance and eye to eye connection. Consistently, individuals with chemical imbalance range conditions experience issues distinguishing feelings especially complex feelings that call for metalizing (desirous, humiliated, wry) in both themselves and others. These complexities can add to difficulties in keeping and making companionships and other empowering peer connections. WHAT IS ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY? Assistive innovation instrument implies any bit of gear, thing, or item framework, regardless of whether gained industrially, adjusted, off-the-rack, or tweaked, that is utilized to look after, increment, or improve utilitarian capacities of individuals with inabilities. Assistive innovation administration legitimately helps individuals with an incapacity in the securing, determination, or utilization of an assistive innovation. The Use of Assistive Technology to Educate Students with Autism The hypothesis of psyche is one conceptualization used to clarify the social debilitation in mental imbalance range conditions (Golan and Bauminger, 2006). The hypothesis expresses that individuals with chemical imbalance range conditions have a characteristic inability as far as perceiving the mental viewpoint of others. That is, they have issue ascribing feeling, which means, and expectation to others. Shortages in this part are not kidding to successful social connection, as it were, it is foreseen on comprehending what others are feeling or thinking. Becoming acquainted with feelings is one part of the capacity to take another people point of view. Various examinations have explored on the intercessions to instruct people with chemical imbalance range conditions to recognize feelings. These include social ability guidance (Golan and Bauminger, 2006) and assistive innovation intercessions. For example, Bauminger (2006) inspected the utilization of a conduct based mediation to aid the feeling acknowledgment aptitudes of 15 high reacting kids with chemical imbalance, ages 8 to 17. The mediation included exercises from a social ability schedule utilized in the school setting for 2 to 4 hours out of every week for 7 months. The exercises contained exercises, for example, pretend and just plays with an ordinarily creating friend and taking a shot at the aptitudes gained from every week after week exercise with guardians at home. The final products demonstrated headway in the children passionate capacity and information to give instance s of troublesome feelings. Exceptionally, at post intercession, the partakers with chemical imbalance were probably going to begin social correspondence with their friends and invested a ton of energy showing empowering social practices. In another investigation, Hadwin, Baron-Cohen, Howlin, and Hill (1996) instructed kids with mental imbalance range conditions to anticipate and recognize feelings in others utilizing a PC based mediation called the Emotions Trainer. Partakers between the ages of 12 and 20, joined in either a benchmark group or a test, were determined to have either Asperger disorder or chemical imbalance. The program contained five segments that joined requesting that the client select the right feeling out of four alternatives clarifying shot outward appearances, occasions or circumstances, and enlightening subtitles and articles. Differentiated to the benchmark group, the trial bunch indicated improvement in their capacity to perceive feelings in story and cartooned conditions that set off an enthusiastic reaction, however not in their acknowledgment of feeling in pictures (outward appearances), on which both mediation and control bunches exhibited improvement. The accompanying area will inspect Pi cture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS) as one of the key assistive innovation used to help understudies with chemical imbalance. Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS) This is a low innovation assistive framework made as an augmentative and elective correspondence (AAC), where pictures are utilized instead of words to help kids with chemical imbalance to impart due to their issues in discourse advancement. At the underlying phase of utilizing PECS, a youngster is furnished with various pictures of most loved toys or nourishments. On the off chance that the kid requires any of these things, he basically gives the image of the particular thing to an advisor, instructor or even parental figure (Charlop-Christy, et al. 2002). The individual getting this image consequently hands the toy or food to the kid. Through this trade, correspondence is then fortified. So also PECS can too be applied to make recommendations in regards to things saw or heard inside the encompassing. For example, an understudy may see a vehicle passing by and give an image of a vehicle to his instructor. The target of this technique is that, when a kid begins to recognize the significance of correspondence, the youngster will begin utilizing characteristic discourse rather than pictures. How this assistive innovation functions An understudy with chemical imbalance can be instructed how to utilize this innovation by his instructor, parental figure or an advisor, who comprehends the manner in which this innovation works. Regularly, an applied conduct investigation (ABA) strategy is applied. Through this technique, prompts are offered to control the image trade. All the more in this way, in the underlying phases of PECS preparing, the understudy chooses an image he needs and gets what is on the image, for example food. Accepting food is intended to give an uplifting feedback to the understudy for his utilization of the image in conveying. Typically PECS preparing involves six phases: Stage I: the instructor records down a rundown of the understudies most loved things regularly beginning with nourishments. A solitary thing from the rundown is picked for the initial preparing exercise, and things picture is drawn. The thing can be placed in a spot obvious to the understudy, to permit the understudy to see the thing yet not to pick it. At the point when the youngster appears to be keen on the thing, the instructor gives such an understudy an image card of the thing. The educator manages the understudies hand to pick the image and offer it to the instructor. The second the instructor gets the card from the understudy, he imparts boisterously the need the understudy needs, for example, he state so you need the cake and give the cake to the youngster. Stage II: the educator moves a little separation all together for the understudy to move towards him to give the image card to the instructor. Stage III: the understudy is furnished with a few picture cards so he can pick the one speaking to what he needs. The chose picture card is given to the educator, as of now; the understudy may utilize a fastener or a correspondence board where the cards will be held. Stage IV: now, the understudy is furnished with a card composed on I want____. The understudy needs to utilize this card along with the image card showing what is needed. The idea is that the understudy will get familiar with the best approach to impart through complete sentences. Those understudies who can not peruse the words can be in a situation to perceive the words composed as images on the card. Stage V: before this stage, the understudy has never been legitimately what he needs, at this stage, the educator asks the understudy straightforwardly what he needs, and afterward trusts that the understudy will choose an image speaking to what the understudies needs. This exercise fabricates the reason for future correspondence between the understudy and the instructor when the educator needs to discover what the understudy needs. Stage VI: the second the understudy can smoothly utilize PECS, and has figured out how to sum up the framework to utilize it to speak with others separated from the educator; the understudy is instructed the way make proposals on something that he has watched. The educator gets something intriguing and requests that the understudy say what the thing is. At that stage the educator likewise picks a card with I see _____. The understudy is to coordinate the card with what he is seeing. As such, the youngster can figure out how to impart what he watches along with his encounters to others (Charlop-Christy, et al. 2002). Hypothesis behind this innovation The express fortification originating from quickly accepting what an understudy with chemical imbalance is the primary guideline of PECS. An understudy can show his inward wishes without talking any words, and be compensated. Such unmistakable rewards incredibly strengthen such a youngster contrasted with social prizes, especially during the underlying phase of correspondence. PECS could also improve the social relations of a mental imbalance youngster. This is on the grounds that the youngster can figure out how to start correspondence; all the more along these lines, now the kid isn't relied upon to talk, so the kid is less threatened. How viable is the innovation Various examinations completed have shown that PECS is valuable device in helping youngsters with mental imbalance. For instance, an examination did by Schwar

Native American Astronomy Essays (1211 words) - Meteor Showers

Local American Astronomy For a long time cosmologists and individuals the same have continually found out about the perceptions and records of the Chinese and Europeans. No other culture can give as much data as that accumulated by the Chinese and Europeans, however there are numerous different societies that watched and recorded the night sky, one of those being the Native Americans. During the last fifteen to twenty years archaeoastronomers have revealed much concerning the convictions and records of Native Americans. Tragically, the techniques for tracking galactic occasions were not as straight forward as the Chinese and Europeans. The Native Americans needed to utilize what they could to record what they watched. Their records were found on rock and cavern drawings, stick indenting, beadwork, pictures on creature skins and narrating. One of only a handful not many dateable occasions among the different records of Native Americans was the 1833 appearance of the Leonid meteor shower. The most clear record s of the Leonid storm show up among the different groups of the Sioux of the North American fields. The Sioux kept records called winter tallies, which were an ordered pictographic record of every year painted on creature skin. In 1984 Von Del Chamberlain recorded the cosmic references for 50 Sioux, forty five out of fifty alluded to an exceptional meteor shower during 1833/1834. He additionally recorded nineteen winter tallies kept by different fields Indian clans, fourteen of which alluded to the Leonid storm. The Leonids additionally show up among the Maricopa, who utilized schedule sticks with indents to speak to the section of a year, with the proprietor of the stick recalling the occasions. The proprietor of one stick guaranteed records had been kept that path since the stars fell. The primary indent on the stick spoke to 1833. An individual from the Papago, named Kutox, was conceived around 1847 or 1848. He asserted that 14 years before his introduction to the world the stars came down everywhere throughout the sky. A more subtle Leonid reference was found in a diary kept by Alexander M. Stephen, which point by point his encounter with the Hopi Indians and notices a discussion he had With Old Djasjini on December 11, 1892. That Hopi Indian stated, How old am I? Fifty, perhaps a hundred years, I can't tell. At the point when I was a little fellow eight or ten years there was an incredible comet in the sky and around evening time all the above was loaded with meteorites. (Stephen 37). During the lifetime of Old Djasini there was never an incredible comet and a sky brimming with meteors around the same time, yet he may be alluding to the comet in 1843 and the Leonid storm in 1833. The Pawnee have a tale about an individual named Pahokatawa, who was murdered by an adversary and eaten by creatures, and afterward breathed life into back by the Gods. The legend goes that he tumbled to earth as a meteor and told the individuals that when meteors were seen falli ng in incredible numbers it was anything but a sign that the world would end. At the point when the pawnee clan saw the time the stars fell upon the earth, which was in 1833, there was a frenzy, yet the pioneer stated, recollect the expressions of Pahokatawa and the individuals were not, at this point apprehensive. This shows how incredible a job space science played in the Native American culture. In spite of the fact that the Pawnee learned not to be apprehensive there were Native Americans who dreaded meteors. The Blackfeet of Montana accepted a meteor was an indication that ailment would go to the clan in the winter the Kawaiisu thought a meteor began high and tumbled to the skyline was a sign of death. The Cahuilla thought a meteor was the soul of their first shaman, takwich, who was despised his kin. Takwich meandered the sky around evening time searching for individuals a long way from their clan. In the event that he found a lost individual he take their soul and the individ ual home and eat them. The Shawnee accepted meteors were creatures escaping from the rage of some enemy, or from some foreseen danger.(Howard 178) Many Native Americans considered the to be as sublime and magical. The Wintu clarified meteors as the spirits of shamans making a trip to eternity. The Chumash alluded to meteors

10 New Findings About the Millennial Consumer

10 New Findings About the Millennial Consumer Today, millennials make up one of the largest living generation. According to Goldman Sachs, there are 92 million millennials (people born between 1980 and 2000) in the United States.It is estimated that this year, millennials will outnumber the baby boomers generation, making them the largest living generation.Aside from being the largest generation, more and more millennials are getting into their prime earning and spending years (estimates show that millennials in the US will have a purchasing power of over $1.4 trillion by 2020), and it is no wonder that majority of the conversations around marketing, product strategy and customer experience are centered on millennials.In addition, millennials are the current trendsetters across various industries, from food to fashion and travel, and they wield a lot of influence over the older generations (baby boomers and generation Xers).Any company that wants to remain in business must fiercely fight for a piece of the millennial pie.However , there is one huge problem.The shopping and buying habits of millennials are totally different from those of past generations.If you want to successfully market to millennials, you need to have a good understanding of their buying processes.Only then can you effectively cater to their needs.In today’s article, we are going to take a look at 10 things that define the millennial consumer. These are: MILLENNIALS ARE NOT INFLUENCED BY ADVERTISINGTraditional advertising does not seem to work on millennials. It’s not that millennials are not buying things â€" they are. What has changed is their buying process.According to a study conducted by the McCarthy Group, more than 80% of millennials do not like or trust traditional advertising. They believe that it is mere spin that is only meant to get them to purchase, even if it is not authentic.Even worse, if you are relying on traditional advertising, your message might not be even be getting to millennials.Millennials have ditched tradi tional media such as TV, radio and newspapers in favor of streaming services like YouTube, video-on-demand platforms such as Netflix, podcasts, and social media.This further makes traditional advertising less effective to millennials. A study conducted by comScore found that the effectiveness of TV ads increases with age, with millennials being the least affected by TV ads. The effectiveness of TV ads with age. Source: RevinateSo, what should companies do instead?When figuring out what to buy or where to buy it, millennials rely on the advice of friends rather than advertisements.They seek the opinions of other people who have used the products before in a digital version of word of mouth.Millennials also don’t mind viewing ads from their favorite digital personalities.This means that businesses that want to effectively reach millennials should focus on alternative means of marketing their products, such as influencer and micro-influencer advertising.MILLENNIALS WOULD RATHER BUY A CAR AND LEASE A HOUSE Source: Goldman SachsFor the baby boomers, buying a home was a major financial milestone.Without a home to call their own, many baby boomers felt that they had not achieved much in their lives. Millennials are turning this perspective on its head.According to a survey carried out by millennial branding in conjunction with Elite Daily, 59% of millennials would rather lease a house than purchase one. At the same time, 71% prefer buying a car to leasing one.Millennials’ aversion to buying homes can be attributed to a number of things. First, millennials are the most educated generation, therefore they are saddled with greater student loan debt than any other generation.Second, they came of age at a time when there was a restricted labor market and increased unemployment, which means they earn less compared to previous generations, even though the cost of living has been steadily increasing.At the same time, the effects of the 2008 financial recession made the qualifications for mortga ges stricter.Saddled with student loan debt in a restricted job market, it is almost impossible for majority of millennials to meet the increasingly stricter qualifications of securing a mortgage.In addition, millennials are getting married and starting families much later in life. According to a poll conducted by Gallup, while millennials still have marriage and family as one of their goals, they do not give it the immediacy of previous generations. They want to figure out what they want out of life first before settling down.All these factors contribute to millennials put off buying a house until much later in life. On the other hand, renting a house is a great and convenient option for them.Renting is affordable, it allows them to live wherever they want and leave as they please (it does not tie them to one place), and most of the effort and costs that come with maintaining a house are left to the landlord.At the same time, millennials are choosing to buy cars because cars are wa y cheaper than houses and makes it possible for them to move around conveniently.MILLENNIALS CONSULT BLOGS BEFORE MAKING A PURCHASEMillennials grew up at a time when there was better access to information than ever before. Instead of relying on advertisements to decide whether a product is worth buying, they use a myriad of ways to research the product and make sure they are getting the best price before buying.They will check out reviews of your products by bloggers to make sure they won’t regret making the purchase.According to a survey by Go Banking Rates, 23% of millennials say that they like researching a product before making the purchase decision.The fact that they are constantly connected to the internet through their smartphones also means that they will go online to research the product and compare prices even when they are standing in the store, something known as showrooming.As a marketer, you can take advantage of this by embracing content marketing. This is where you produce lots of engaging and valuable content about your products and services in a manner that does not come across as advertising.In other words, you should provide lots of free but useful content that shows that you are capable of solving their problems, but without pushing for a hard sell.In addition, you can partner with bloggers within your field to review your products from a user’s perspective.MILLENNIALS VALUE AUTHENTICITY OVER CONTENTMarketing to baby boomers often required infomercial like advertisements, inflated claims about a products features or benefits and wowing them with cool images or videos.However, this doesn’t cut it when it comes to millennials.They are not moved by flashy advertisements or huge promises.They can see right through that. Instead, they want brands to keep everything authentic â€" their messages, customer interactions, everything.And here is the thing about authenticity â€" it cannot be faked. If you try faking it, they will see right throu gh you and abandon your brand.Just how important is authenticity? Well, according to a survey by Stackla, 90% of millennials claimed that brand authenticity is important to them. 30% of the millennials claimed that they had stopped following a brand on social media because they felt the brand was not authentic.The worst part is that once consumers start perceiving your brand as inauthentic, they are not going to trust anything coming from your brand, be that your products or your content.The best way of dealing with this is to embrace user-generated content. Content about your brand that is posted by your followers and customers is perceived to be authentic and genuine because these people have nothing to gain from it. In other words, they have no incentive for lying.Brands should also do away with celebrity influencer marketing, because it also screams inauthenticity. For instance, consider a situation where a smartphone brand hires to renowned musician to market their latest phone .Millennials know that the musician does not give a hoot about that particular smartphone brand. The celebrity probably even use a different phone themselves. Millennials are unlikely to trust such kind of advertising.However, micro-influencer advertising can be effective in this case. This is where the brand approaches someone with a decent following on social media (rather than a celebrity) and who is known for their interest in that niche.For instance, in the above example, the smartphone brand might make their message more authentic by working with popular tech bloggers than a popular musician.FUTURE INHERITANCE WON’T CHANGE MILLENNIALS’ PURCHASING BEHAVIORThe baby boomers generation (parents to millennials) have started retiring and passing over their wealth to their millennial children.In the coming years, a large portion of millennials will receive large sums of money from their parents.A survey by Accenture estimates that about $30 trillion will be transferred to millenn ials in a few years’ time, increasing the purchasing power of millennials even further.Majority of businesses expect that millennials will increase their spending once this massive wealth comes under their control.However, this transfer of wealth might not have a huge impact on the spending habits of millennials.According to the same survey, 57% of millennials claimed that they are unlikely to change their spending habits and buying behavior even after they receive their inheritances.MILLENNIALS WANT BRANDS TO ENGAGE THEM ON SOCIAL PLATFORMSTraditionally, business was a one way interaction.The business determined the products to be sold, the messaging used to sell the products, the ads to be used and so on.Customers played a very passive role in the grand scheme of things.All they did was to receive what came from the business, without much choice when it came to providing feedback to the business.Then came social platforms and all that changed. Social platforms provided customers with a voice to let businesses know what they thought about products, advertisements, and so on.Millennials no longer want to be passive participants in business interactions. They want to be active participants. They want businesses to talk to them, listen to them and form relationships with them.As the first generation to be completely digital native, millennials have gotten accustomed to using social platforms for almost everything â€" from keeping up with the lives of friends, to getting in touch with childhood friends, finding love, buying and selling products, championing for political causes, looking for rental houses, job hunting, you name it.It therefore follows that they would also use social platforms as a platform for engaging with brands.In the past, some businesses might not have paid much attention to social media.As millennials become the largest generation and get into their prime spending years, your brand cannot afford to ignore social media, unless it does not w ant to survive.MILLENNIALS WANT TO CO-CREATE PRODUCTS WITH COMPANIESThis is more of a continuation of the previous point. Traditionally, companies came up with products and brought them to market with the hope that customers would buy the products.This placed the customers in a passive position. They had no choice or say in the products available. If they didn’t like a product, the most they could do is to find an alternative product.Millennials, however, do not want to take the passenger’s seat at the back. They want to take the co-driver’s seat and help with the navigation. They want to be part of the action, rather than spectators.According to a survey carried out by Edelman, over 40% of millennials from all over the world want to be able to influence the products of their favorite brands.It is good to note that co-creation in this sense does not simply mean providing feedback for existing products.It means they want to be able to share new product ideas and ways of making products even better. What’s more, they want the assurance that their input will actually be listened to.In other words, they want to become an integral part of the product development process.Fortunately, the fact that millennials want to be co-creators is a good thing for brands. According to research from Cognizant, brands are more likely to produce high performing products when they directly involve customers in their innovation processes.Not only does this route lead to increased innovation, but the brand is also assured that the new products are tailored to the exact needs and preferences of its customers.MILLENNIALS ARE USING MULTIPLE TECH DEVICESAs digital natives, millennials are comfortable with all kinds of tech devices, and majority actually use two or more tech devices every single day.According to a millennial consumer study by Millennial Branding, almost 90% of millennials use to or three devices every single day.While millennials are likely to have multiple devices , they type of devices and gadgets is also changing. For instance, compared to older generations, millennials are the least likely to own a TV, and even less likely to have a cable subscription.Instead, they prefer consuming their media through computers, tablets and smartphones. Even for those who have TV sets, they mostly use them with on-demand subscription services like Hulu and Netflix, or with video game consoles.This shows that while millennials are consuming more media than previous generations, they are doing it in a completely different way from older generations.Any business that wants to appeal to millennials must meet them where they feel most comfortable â€" on digital platforms.This means marketing to them on digital platforms and providing a digital buying experience.However, the fact that they use multiple tech gadgets means that business cannot rely on only one platform.Millennials want the convenience of interacting with brands on whatever platform makes most sens e to them at the moment, and brands therefore need to provide a seamless experience across multiple platforms.For instance, instead of simply having a website, a brand should have a website that is optimized for both PC and mobile, as well as a mobile app.Millennials are also likely to jump on any new trend that comes up, and therefore brands also need to be able to quickly adapt to and engage millennials on new platforms as they are released.MILLENNIALS ARE LOYAL TO BRANDSIf you ask most people, they will tell you that millennials have the least brand loyalty. However, countless surveys conducted on millennials show otherwise.Actually, more than half of millennials claim that they very loyal to brands that they purchase from currently.With so many brands to choose from, and with all these choices just a click away, you might be wondering how millennials can be so loyal.One of the major factors that is contributing to high levels of brand loyalty among millennials is social proof.So cial proof is a psychological concept that puts forth the argument that the behavior of humans will be influenced to a great deal by the behavior of people around them.This phenomenon was first observed in the real world, but like many other psychological concepts, it has manifested itself in the virtual world as well. Since most millennials rely on social media to research products before buying, they have more information about what people close to them â€" friends, family, relatives, and acquaintances are buying.As a result, they are more likely to buy from the same brands that their close networks are buying from and remain loyal to these brands. This shows how important social media is when it comes to selling to millennials.At the same time, it is good to note that brand loyalty does not come that easy to millennials. Baby boomers remained loyal to brands because their parents bought from the same brands.Millennials, on the other hand, are only loyal to brands if they feel the brands are treating them right. They want to feel that they are valued as a customer, and they want a shopping experience that is tailored to their unique needs and wants.One way for brands to increase the loyalty of millennials is to offer loyalty programs.Unlike the tried and tested loyalty programs where customers who are loyal to the brand receive discounts, loyalty programs meant for millennials should put more focus on experience.For instance, loyal customers could receive perks such as early access to new products, early access to offers and discounts, free shipping, and so on. Such a loyalty program builds an emotional connection between the customer and the brand, which is critical if you want to cultivate loyalty from your millennial customers.MILLENNIALS EXPECT BRANDS TO GIVE BACK TO SOCIETYLike I mentioned earlier, millennials came of age at a time when things are not at their best.They are knee deep in student loans, the job markets are sluggish, the cost of living is steadily rising, and so on. This leaves majority of millennials strapped for cash.They cannot afford to make charity donations to causes they support like their baby boomer parents were able to. At the same time, they still want to feel like they are involved in something that helps make the world a better place.Under such circumstances, millennials are choosing to make the world a better place by patronizing and working for brands that value giving back to society as part of their mission.According to Nielsen’s 2015 Global Corporate Sustainability Report, 66% of those who took part in the survey (all generations) reported that they had no problem paying extra for a brand that was more socially conscious.At the same time, 73% of millennials reported the same thing. However, millennials don’t simply want brands with CSR as part of their mission. They want to patronize brands that actually follow through on this mission.WRAPPING UPMillennials will soon be the biggest living genera tion, the generation with the biggest influence and the generation with the strongest purchasing power.This means that any business that wants to thrive today and in the coming years (until generation Zero take over) needs to market itself to millennials.At the same time, the purchasing behaviors of millennial consumers are very different from those of the generations that came before them.If you want to effectively market to millennials, you have to understand what makes them different from previous generations.After reading this article, I hope you have gained some useful insights to help you understand the millennial consumer and how to market to them.

Concepts of Cybernetics in conjunction with management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1998 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Every day we solve the problem or try to solve them. Both at work and at home. More and more problems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Concepts of Cybernetics in conjunction with management" essay for you Create order Starting on the evening of rest and ending with how to find housing. And thats just the problems that we know who lie on the surface. And how many hidden, invisible problems? And unfortunately, the problems are not solved in isolation. For this we have to communicate, to join the organization. And if there are organizations, it means there is someone who is trying to coordinate and give the organization integrity. Then, the organization has come their problems, which also must be addressed. All this becomes too complicated. And begins to simplify the requirements. And here enters the game management cybernetics. What kind of science of cybernetics? Initially, the founder of cybernetics as a science is Norbert Wiener. In what major additions and improvements to cybernetics introduced Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer believed that cybernetics is the science of management and communication. Since cybernetics originated, of course, she has come a long way from its beginnings to the establ ishment of some basic concepts and ideas which are now fundamental. But today, as never before, with the development of information systems and technology raises the question:  «Is it possible to management cybernetics and its advantages, if any? » The main idea is how to correctly use the basic methodology as applied to information systems design and when it is worth doing. The correct answer and the prioritization of this issue may help to consider and improve science management to a fundamentally new and qualitatively. This is a relatively new science of its inception, but has already achieved significant results in organizations and tutoring services as commercial and noncommercial. Currently, management cybernetics developed and applied in large multinational companies in the private sector in policy -making bodies, professionally and personal life. Management cybernetics allows the head to look at the problem from a completely different look, and thus create an o pportunity for organizations create a certain immune response to the difficulties in the world. Below I will try to explain the nucleation management cybernetics and the basic bonuses and ideas its use in modern business and the tasks that need to solve management problems. Cybernetics in IS management Before considering such a thing as management cybernetics, I would like to depart from established definitions and give your view on this term, and subsequently find out what is cybernetics. Lets try to look more deeply into the definition and see its meaning. There are many definitions of cybernetics, one of the most common sounds in this way:  «Science the basis of governance.  » From my point of view, more easily and capacitance definition might sound like this: Cybernetics is the science that seeks to know the deep essence of natural phenomena, describe them more precise language, to formalize and make more effective methods of control. You could say that is some ÃÆ'‘ cybernetics common base, the theory of management in nature, society, social systems. One of the problems of cybernetics, Norbert Veer has stated, is the problem of optimal control of complex dynamic systems. If you think, we live in a world of complex dynamic systems. Hence cybernet ics can give us the answer how to correctly and efficiently build their relations in management issues and the relationship with the outside world. Currently, cybernetics can be divided into two large sections: theoretical and practical. Theoretical Cybernetics its aim is to study general fundamental laws and principles that govern the management of facilities of any nature. Applied cybernetics is in turn divided into three major areas: Biological Cybernetics ( control in living organisms ) Technical Cybernetics ( management of technical systems ) Economic cybernetics ( control in society ) Economic cybernetics, as the area of ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹application techniques and methodologies to problems of economic cybernetics solves the problem of improving governance. Its main purpose is to study the production as a whole organism in order to determine the fundamental laws and principles, which in turn govern economic processes and phenomena, the formation methods of targeting economic processes, development of specific systems of economic planning and management that would help solve problems arising in the management and business planning. At the moment we came close to the concept of management cybernetics. I see this concept as part of cybernetics which uses the methods and achievements of cybernetics as a methodological, theoretical and technical basis for the decision to form a break. We can say that one of the probable causes of management cybernetics, from my point of view, is the fact that cybernetics has facilitated the establishment of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the relationship of individual events, and management efficiency, mainly through the modeling of economic processes and the use of economic-mathematical methods to optimize management and decision-making. Modeling system, which offered management cybernetics, to some extent to assess the state of productio n, which can be achieved provided that the management decisions and that in turn will more clearly provide immediate results and effectiveness of management actions. This is one of the fundamental capacities to assess the quality of a company, organization, understanding at what stage of life the company is using the management cybernetics. Cybernetics just need and it is important to use in the management, because cybernetics ideas and approaches expanded the boundaries of management decision theory, which is developing a system possible outcomes in different situations, when the state and behavior of the managed object is well known, but when there is little data to determine the probability results in the implementation of decisions and, accordingly, there is a percentage of risk in achieving the desired result. Or in situations where there are no reliable data to assess the state of the object management and its ability to respond to these or other management decisions under unc ertainty, which is commonplace in our world of management. Thus using cybernetics in management there is a possibility to increase performance and create opportunities for addressing problems in areas such as functional operations research, mathematical analysis, and simulation, heuristics guiding decision-making, game theory, and mathematical statistics. One of the most important parts of cybernetics is part of the theory of information, which is the basis for information systems design. Science is widely used in the development of institutional management. For this purpose, operations research, organizational analysis, design, relationships between individual units based on network planning methods and management. The main ideas of management cybernetics based on the automation of individual transactions or groups of operations within the cycle of production management, as well as for creating workstations in managing and developing information management systems. Considerin g the cybernetics and management is important to note the next time the subject of cybernetics is the fundamental laws and principles of management that are common to wildlife, human society and industry. Management cybernetics, from my point of view, exploring the specific form of management managing the production and its specific to this area and particularly the problems. Particular attention should be paid to the general laws and principles of cybernetics that occur in specific controlled conditions of production economic organizations. Of course you can clearly note that the broader concept cannot replace the private and thus, the cybernetic concept of wider scope and content management concepts in a special science. On the other hand, the complex issues that we study the management cybernetics do not fit into the problems of cybernetics. Participants in the relationship management cybernetics primarily serve people. Production management has as its foundation rather social in nature. It is primarily management of human activities, and management features also carry people. It is obvious that the management cannot be completely formalized, although it may be to some extent, divided into separate, relatively simple, mathematically described by the operation. A number of functions and management techniques are extremely subject of production management. Certainly a wide Spector facilities are subject to examination by the management cybernetics is the economic system. The subject of the study is different in nature information processes, which occur in economic systems and mechanisms for economic management. Economic systems are the object of study of economic cybernetics and management cybernetics. Various economic theories are studying the relations of production, the operation of objective economic laws, or a deep foundation process of the economic system. Management cybernetics based on the results of economic analysis, in turn, examines the struc tural and functional forms of organization and management of these processes. With respect to management cybernetics is important to understand the basic concepts of cybernetics as a system model, a black box ; the principle of external addition, the feedback law is a necessary and sufficient diversity and related with the principal findings and conclusions. At the moment still an open question as how binds cybernetics and management. Quite simply, in the framework of this communication is a fundamental principle which is called feedback . It is the universality of the concept of feedback has allowed many to understand the phenomenon and to establish an analogue control processes in living organisms, machines and society. Between elements of two types of relationships real and substantive information. In general, the feedback means between the outputs of any element to the input of the same element are carried out directly or through other elements of the system. The concept of feedback takes the importance of management systems, because the feedback is used as a channel through which a governing body receives information on the status and results of operation of a managed object. In the example of management cybernetics feedback manifests the unity of management and control part. Figure It is known that the backbone of any economy is the production, creation of economic output. In turn, financial stability, solvency, liquidity, operational efficiency is impossible without having a sufficient level of scientific management theory and determined its effects on the economic processes of the enterprise. Thus, it is important to note that management uses achievements of cybernetics as a methodological and theoretical basis for making informed decisions and common issues, goals, objectives, functions and management practices. Conclusion Thus, summarizing all the above mentioned would like to highlight several key points that I made ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹for myself while working on this job. The emergence of cybernetics, the science of common patterns management processes, implemented in living beings, machines, and their complexes, and allowed to gather and synthesize a huge number of facts which showed that the management of all organized systems is similar. The difference in the management of objects relating to the criteria of purpose, objectives and content management. However, the structure and construction management processes in organized systems of all ranks have the features of a deep affinity, community. These circumstances are explained by the fact it seems to me that the management is always an information process. Cybernetics studies the receipt and transmission, storage and conversion, processing and use information. Communication between manag ement and information processes the major achievement management cybernetics. It helps to understand the technology management process and, most importantly, expose its study with quantitative methods. A distinctive feature of the cybernetic approach to learning and improving management processes the use of their counterparts in the animate and inanimate nature, and modeling. The main objective is to achieve on the basis of inherent methods and tools for the optimal level of control, i.e., the adoption of best management decisions. Thus, this is called a cybernetic control, which: Provides an optimal solution of multi- dynamic problems of the organization; Uses specific techniques, advanced cybernetics (feedback, self-regulation and self-organization, etc.); Extensive use of mechanization and automation of administrative operations through the use of computing and control technology and computer technology. Considers the organization as some larger system, each element of which is taken not only in itself but as part of a larger whole, to which he belongs; From cybernetics management borrows the following laws and principles of requisite variety, emergence, external addition, feedback, choosing solutions, decomposition, and hierarchical control and automatic regulation (self-regulation).

Career Profile. I Am Actively Pursuing A Challenging New

CAREER PROFILE I am actively pursuing a challenging new role as a Piping Supervisor where I can utilise my extensive training, skills and experience working on various oil gas, energy and construction projects over the past 14 years. As a capable and effective leader, I am confident I would make a valuable addition to your team with proven capabilities in supervising and developing work crews to ensure maximum productivity in line with project plans and specifications. Demonstrating hands-on experience in pipe and structural steel fabrication, welding, maintenance and commissioning, together with extensive experience in punch-listing, materials management and procurements activities. I possess strong technical skills and a sound†¦show more content†¦Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Committed to ongoing training and development with the ability to learn new skills quickly. ïÆ'Ëœ Consistently adheres to workplace OHS and Environmental policies and procedures. CURRENT LICENCES ïÆ'Ëœ New Zealand Passport ïÆ'Ëœ White Card, Queensland Government ïÆ'Ëœ ‘C’ Class WA Drivers Licence (exp. 2021) ïÆ'Ëœ MSIC - Maritime Security Identification Card (exp. 2018) COMPUTER SKILLS ïÆ'Ëœ Navisworks, SitePro, Microsoft Office ïÆ'Ëœ Capacity to learn new systems quickly easily EMPLOYMENT HISTORY Sep 2016 - Current CBI | www.cbi.com Wheatstone LNG - Ashburton North, Western Australia Piping Supervisor Chicago Bridge Iron Company, known commonly as CBI, is a large American conglomerate engineering, procurement and construction company, specialising in projects for oil gas organisations. The Wheatstone Project includes an onshore facility located at Ashburton North Strategic Industrial Area (ANSIA), located 12 kilometres west of Onslow in Western Australia’s Pilbara region. The foundation project includes two LNG trains with a combined capacity of 8.9 mtpa and a domestic gas plant. Key Duties: †¢ Contribute in the capacity of Piping Supervisor at the Ashburton North Strategic Industrial Area (ANSIA). †¢ Supervise a crew of up to 20 multifaceted tradespeople for all Train 2 and Train 3 piping activities. †¢ Provide supervision to safeguard the timely construction of pipe lines andShow MoreRelatedApplication for Graduate Program in Mechanical Enginnering for Standard University1211 Words   |  5 PagesI am Udit, a research fellow in Shock Tunnel Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. I obtained Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering from IIT Bombay in 2012. I find myself fascinated by the fields of Gas Dynamics and Computational Fluid Dynamics. I am particularly interested in the areas of derivative fuels, combustion analysis and design of combustion chamber. It is in this context that I am applying for graduate studies towards MS/PhD in Mechanical EngineeringRead MoreCareer Objectives For My Progressive Organization1720 Words   |  7 PagesCareer Objective Having achieved a high level of competency as an accomplished customer service/administration professional, I am actively pursuing a challenging new career opportunity where I can utilise my extensive experience gained over the past 25+ years. 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Significance of the Study†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Scope and Limitation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ConceptualRead MoreCompeting for the Future9005 Words   |  37 Pagesavailable at no charge to the user. Competing for the Future By Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad Look around your company. Look at the high profile initiatives that have been launched recently. Look at the issues that are preoccupying senior management. Look at the criteria and benchmarks by which progress is being measured. Look at the track record of new business creation. Look into the faces of your colleagues and consider their dreams and fears. 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Is Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) Working Free Essays

Introduction Mental health now represents approximately 25% of the ill health burden and is also the single largest cause of disability in the United Kingdom (Hersen Sturmey, 2012). Additionally, statistics indicate that 25% of people in the country will experience mental disorder at some point in their lives with 0.01% experiencing severe mental illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) Working? or any similar topic only for you Order Now More recent studies indicate that mental illnesses are responsible for approximately 40% of all morbidity in the United Kingdom (Beinart et al 2009). The National Health Service introduced improving access to psychological therapies programme with an aim of increasing the availability of therapies in the country. It is designed majorly for individuals with mild to moderate health difficulties like anxieties, depression, post traumatic disorders and phobias (Bullock et al 2012). Improving access to psychological therapies programme treats these conditions using different therapeutic techniques like cognitive behavioural therapy, couples therapy and interpersonal therapy (Barkham et al 2010). It essentially seeks to employ the least intrusive methods in treating patients. This approach is often referred to as the stepped care mode meaning that the patients first get low intensity therapy in form of computerised cognitive behavioural therapy and guided self-help. In cases where the lo w intensity treatments are inappropriate or unsuccessful the patients are often transferred to high intensity therapy in the form of one on one cognitive behavioural therapy. Improving access to psychological therapies programme has expended the provision of talking therapies in the United Kingdom and is the only instance in the world where the government has provided free talking therapy on large scale (James, 2010). IAPT is relevant to counselling psychology because it affects the therapies that counselling psychologies use in attending to the patients. The counselling psychologies are required by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence to rely on the recommendations contained in IAPT while attending to the patients. Analysis of talking therapies The World Health Organisation defines health as a physical, mental and social wellbeing of an individual. However in most cases people do not regard mental and psychiatric problems as disease leading to the stigmatisation and marginalisation of the patients away from the normal way of life (Beidas Kendall, 2014). Although mental illnesses are not as obvious as physical illnesses, they cause serious changes in behaviour that lead to dysfunctional disabilities that interfere with actions, speech and thought. However, talking therapies offer the patients with mental illnesses an opportunity to return to normal way of life. Talking therapies are the most commonly used treatments as they allow the patients to express their thoughts, problems, emotions and feelings with the therapists. The patients are open with the therapists and trust them to generate solutions to their varied challenges (Robertson, 2010). The therapists can deliver therapy through direct interactions with the patients , computerised interactions or group discussions. All these therapies are designed for helping patients experiencing difficult times in their lives by initiating self-belief and optimism to facilitate the recovery process. Talking therapies are also known as psychotherapies or psychiatric counselling offers one of the best means of ensuring that the patients share their feelings with the therapists in order to help them prescribe the best means of helping the patients recover from mental illnesses (Corrie Lane, 2010). The therapies also present the patients with an avenue for speaking about how they feel more than their families, friends or anybody else would do, thus encouraging them to share as much information as possible for easy intervention by the therapists. World Health Organisation reports indicate that depression is among the major mental illnesses affecting people not only in the United Kingdom but across the globe. This has led to the great debate on whether talking therapies are efficient in curing such a widespread disease (Garrett 2010). Some critics of the talking therapies argue that the therapies alone cannot cure depression as curing the disease require other simultaneous treatments and even medication at times. For the psychiatrists to be more effective they need to be amiable and supportive in order to gain the trust of the patients so that they can open up and share more of their experience and challenges. They also need to be very sensitive to the feelings of the patients because for instance aggressive and uncompassionate patients tend to get more demoralised when they feel that they are worthless and insignificant (Cowen et al 2012). At times the therapists opt to make use of group therapy in cases where the patients share similar problems. In this case, all the patients sit down to share their anxieties and problems with each other. Group therapy helps the patients to open up and share their problems with other patients and agree that such problems have solutions which are only possible if they choose to support the efforts of the group. However in cases where some patients feel that they have been suppressed by the group or that the group has formed a judgement against them, it becomes difficult for the therapy to work as it further limits the interaction of such patients with the society and in the process worsening the conditions of such patients instead of delivering cure (Sturmey Hersen, 2012). There are also cases where the patients get extremely attached to the groups and become extremely dependent on them so much so that they are unable to make decisions without the approval of the group (Dartington, 2010).This is not good for them as it also exacerbates their conditions instead of pro viding cure. The talking therapies that focus on the provision of direct solutions to the patients are very effective in managing depression as the patients can use the direct advice given to them or even reject them in cases where they feel uncomfortable with such advice. However the inherent problem with this therapy is that the vulnerable patients might form a habit of letting the therapists solving their problems for them thus denying them the power of personal decision making (Lloyd et al 2013). Furthermore, in case such decisions fail to provide the desired solutions to the patients, they may form a revulsion against the therapist leading to more depression as they tend to get frustrated by the fact that they may never find a solution to their problems. Cognitive behavioural therapy deals with patients that suffer from very mild to moderate depression. It encourages patients to understand and accept their negative emotions and then provides assistance to them so that they can think positively and usefully (McHugh Barlow, 2012). The therapy involves both behavioural and cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapy is concerned with the patients’ thinking patterns whereasbehavioural therapy deals with associated actions. When the two approaches are combined carefully, they provide a powerful means of helping the patients overcome many emotional and behavioural problems. Cognitive behavioural therapy may involve a mix of the two therapies depending on the nature of the problem because some problems require more behavioural interventions while others require more cognitive intervention therapy. One of the strengths of the Cognitive behavioural therapy is that it not only aims at helping the patients overcome their conditions but also e quip them with new skills and strategies that they can use in solving future problems (Osimo Stein, 2012). The therapy examines all the elements that maintain the problems faced by the patients. It involves creating a partnership between the therapist and the patients and heavily involves the patients in planning and treatment throughout the process. Arguments for talking therapies used by IAPT According to McQueen (2008), the majority of the patients who use talking therapies say that it helped them as they benefited in many ways. First off, it gives the patients an opportunity to be listened to regularly and as such they are able to express their feelings to the therapists. This helps the patients to forget the bad things that happened to them in the past and start over afresh. In this way, the therapy ensures that the patients let out their feelings that could have otherwise remained deeply bottled up. The other benefit of talking therapy is that the therapists are non-judgemental and impartial while attending to the patients (Norman Ryrie, 2009). This helps the patients to share their negative feelings without the fear of being criticised making it easier for the counselling psychologist to attend to them. In addition to this, it boosts the confidence and self-worth of the patients which is crucial to their recovery because many patients struggle with this. Talking the rapies equips the patients with learning skills and techniques for managing anger or relaxation which is important in reducing the chances of the patients suffering a relapse of the diseases. Talking therapies helps the patients in combating loneliness because at times the patients do not have people to confide in, but the counselling psychologist gains their trust and present them an opportunity of opening up about how they feel and think and the reasons behind such perspectives (Mueller, 2010). The counselling psychologists ask the patients questions while respecting their boundaries which is important in getting them out their shells and suggesting ways of overcoming loneliness. Lastly, most of the time the patients are capable of solving the problems on their own but all they need is moral support when things get tough for them. This what talking therapies offer to the patients as the counselling psychologist offers them an opportunity for sharing their problems and provides the m with empathy that they may not be getting from friends and family. Arguments against talking therapies used by IAPT Walker Fincham (2011) claim that talk therapy is one of the best mechanisms available for the average individuals to deal with mental illnesses. However, one serious limitation to the therapy is that it is reliant on what the patients can remember. Most studies on talking therapies do not use the therapists or their techniques in evaluating the success of the therapy partly because most of them are written by professional counselling psychologists (Smith, 2012). Instead they focus on the willingness of their patients and their level of motivation in their quest for psychological assistance. Regardless of the techniques employed by talking therapy, it still has some inherent limitations. These limitations fall into general categories that include the level of motivation of the patient, nature of the problem and the skills of the therapists (Sturmey Hersen, 2012). Talking therapies are not able to achieve high levels of efficiency with the low motivated and uncooperative patients. T hese patients too need help but none of the techniques used by talking therapies can function without the active partnership between the patients and counselling psychologists. This implies that some patients are not able to receive treatment from talking therapies. The patients that come to the counselling psychologists with the expectation of the counselling psychologists doing something to fix them often go back home disappointed and quickly terminate the treatment once they realise that the process has nothing to do with doing something to someone but rather an interactive process of doing something with someone (Walsh, 2009). As such a well-motivated patient is more likely to receive effective assistance from a poorly skilled therapist than a low motivated patient is from a well skilled therapist. Conclusion The findings of this study reveal that although talking therapies being emphasised by IAPT have registered some levels of success, they have their own inherent weaknesses that limit the efficiency of care delivery offered by counselling psychologists. Counselling psychologists rely on these recommended therapies in delivering treatment to the patients with mental illnesses but the weaknesses in IAPT reduces the level of their efficiency. The major weakness of IAPT is its over reliance on talking therapies, particularly cognitive behaviour therapy. In addition to this, it fails to cover some sections of the population. In order to improve the efficiency of IAPT it needs to include other therapies and increase its coverage to include other neglected segments of the population like children and young people. Furthermore there is still need for the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence to look into better ways of helping the counselling psychologists improve the quality of c are being offered to the patients with mental illnesses in the United Kingdom. References Barkham, M., Hardy, G. E., Mellor-Clark, J., Wiley InterScience (Online service). (2010). Developing and delivering practice-based evidence: A guide for the psychological therapies. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Beidas, R. S., Kendall, P. C. (2014). Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices in child and adolescent mental health. Oxford: Oxford university press Beinart, H., Kennedy, P., Llewelyn, S. (2009). Clinical Psychology in Practice. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Bullock, I., Clark, J. M., Rycroft-Malone, J. (2012). Adult nursing practice: Using evidence in care. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Corrie, S., Lane, D. A. (2010). Constructing stories, telling tales: A guide to formulation in applied psychology. London: Karnac. Cowen, P., Harrison, P., Burns, T. (2012). Shorter Oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dartington, T. (2010). Managing vulnerability: The underlying dynamics of systems of care. London: Karnac. Garrett, V. (2010). Effective short-term counselling within the primary care setting: Psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural therapy approaches. London: Karnac. Hersen, M., Sturmey, P. (2012). Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Psychology, Child and Adolescent Disorders: Volume 1. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. James, I. A. (2010). Cognitive behavioural therapy with older people: Interventions for those with and without dementia. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Lloyd, C. E., Pouwer, F., Hermanns, N. (2013). Screening for depression and other psychological problems in diabetes: A practical guide. London: Springer. McHugh, R. K., Barlow, D. H. (2012). Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological interventions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McQueen, D. (2008). Psychoanalytic psychotherapy after child abuse: Psychoanalytic psychotherapy in the treatment of adults and children who have experienced sexual abuse, violence, and neglect in childhood. London: Karnac. Mueller, M. (2010). Oxford guide to surviving as a CBT therapist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Norman, I. J., Ryrie, I. (2009). The art and science of mental health nursing: A textbook of principles and practice. Maidenhead, Berkshire, England: McGraw Hiil, Open University Press. Osimo, F., Stein, M. J. (2012). Theory and practice of experiential dynamic psychotherapy. London: Karnac Robertson, D. (2010). The philosophy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT): Stoic philosophy as rational and cognitive psychotherapy. London: Karnac. Smith, G. (2012). Psychological interventions in mental health nursing. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Sturmey, P., Hersen, M. (2012). Handbook of evidence-based practice in clinical psychology. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Walker, C., Fincham, B. (2011). Work and the mental health crisis in Britain. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Walsh, L. (2009). Depression Care Across the Lifespan. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. How to cite Is Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) Working?, Essay examples

Russian History Consolidation Of Democracy In Post-Soviet Russia Intro

Russian History Consolidation of Democracy in Post-Soviet Russia Introduction The fall of the Communist regime in the Soviet Union was more than a political event. The powerful interaction and fusion between politics and economics that characterized the state socialist system created a situation that was unique for the successor states of the Soviet Union. The penetration of the Communist regime into every facet of life left the Russian people with little democratic traditions. Russia faces the seemingly impracticable task of economic liberalization and democratization. This is combined with a necessity to answer nationalist and ethnic questions that have plagued Russia for centuries. This paper addresses the problems of creating a stable democracy in Russia. The prospects for a stable democracy in Russia are limited at best. I will outline some of the concerns that academics have in the consolidation of Russian democracy. What is paramount to note is that a stable democracy must adequately address what Ken Jowitt calls the ?developmental trinity?: nation-building; capitalism and democracy. The dilemma that is especially relevant to Russia it that these conditions are often contradictory. The often messy business of politically reconstructing a nation defies traditional democratic ideals. The establishment of democratic institutions can hinder the development of a market economy and, conversely, programs that are designed to enhance capitalist expansion often are antagonistic towards democratic goals (Jowitt 7). These seemingly endless Catch-22's are at the heart of difficulties facing Russia in its attempt to create a stable democracy. The Process of Creating A Nation-State The question of who is the playing the game and what makes the playing field is an important one for the Russian Federation. Ethnic and nationalist questions plagued the Soviet Union and continue to stress the Russia Federation during its nascent period. The dynamics of center-periphery relations provides Moscow with some of the greatest challenges in establishing a stable democracy. Phillipe Smitter writes, ?There is no simply democratic way of deciding what a nation and its corresponding political unit should be? (Smitter 66). Later in his article, he writes ?those that have not yet resolved the dilemma of defining their national and territorial boundaries are unlikely to make much more progress in other domains? (Smitter 73). The dilemma facing the Russian Federation is that it finds itself with a charge of establishing and following democratic institutions, while at the same time facing secessionary pressures that seem to require extra-democratic means to preserve the integrity of the nation. Nationalism in multiethnic areas in the Russian Federation has provided a substantial challenge for democratization. There is a direct relationship between democratization and ethnic peace (Smitter 72). In a democratically weak society, ethnicity assumes a stronger role, and when democracy and ethnicity are balanced, political stability is possible. As a result of a lack of democratic institutions and channels for dialogue, Russia's inhabitants are now increasingly identifying themselves as members of ethnic groups rather than as citizens of the Russian Federation (Drobizheva). An important development in center-periphery relations is the growing importance of ?economic nationalism,? an effort to create an economic basis for political independence. Economic nationalism is a protective defense against the Russian federal government's economic dominance. Alternatively, it is also a sign that the republics wish to retain relations with Moscow since politics remains primarily in the hands of the center (Drobizheva). For example, Tatarstan and Sakha-Yakutia both have a wealth of natural resources, giving them a potential advantage in economic development and a desire to establish control over these resources. Tatarstan, for example, strives to sell its o il at world market prices in foreign markets to generate income, and in 1993-94, the local governments in Tatarstan and Yakutia sought economic decentralization in Russia by refusing to pay federal taxes. Consequently, an agreement reached between the federal government and the republics gave the latter what they wanted: increased economic autonomy (Drobizheva). Further inquiry into the agreements with Tartarsan demonstrates the flexibility the Yeltsin regime is willing to employ in dealing with possible powder-keg situations. A treaty signed on February 15, 1994 attempted to mollify the tensions on both sides. The treaty affirmed Tartarsan right to its own ?international and economic relations? and, as previously noted, provided substantial autonomy in economic issues